The normal ones identify the lines in the later, secondary text. The numbers on the right side of the image written in cursive type refer to the lines of the earlier, primary text. ‘Folio 16r’ 2 below contains Surah 9:70-80 in the less visible primary writing and Surah 30:26-40 in the better visible secondary writing. Since on the majority of the leaves a primary text is visible and both texts contain parts of over 70 % of today’s Quran, the palimpsest must be a remnant of two, previously complete, yet different Qurans. They were each written on parchment with an approximate size of 36.5 x 28.5 cm. The palimpsest known as ‘DAM 0 1-27.1’ contains at least 38 Quran leaves. The characteristic, irregular lines of that particular style exist in all the four above mentioned developmental stages of the text. This is confirmed by the fact that the primary writings that reappeared and the secondary ones that followed, including the corrections of both, were found to be made in the ‘Hijazi’ style of the first Islamic century. However, in the case of ‘DAM 0 1-27.1’ it took place within the first century of the ‘Hijrah’ (7 th and early 8 th century AD), shortly after the Uthmanic recension. Such a process would normally only be done after several centuries. The find is part of a bundle of parchments thought to be the oldest surviving copies of the Quran.Ī palimpsest is a manuscript from which a text has been scraped or washed to make room for another one in order to re-use the expensive parchment. They range from different and missing words and dissimilar spelling to a changed order of Surahs and words within verses. According to the latest academic studies, aided by the use of ultraviolet photography, this palimpsest contains many differences when compared with today’s Arabic Quran. The fundamental Islamic belief that no word of the Quran has changed is put in question by a rather unique ancient manuscript, a palimpsest, known as ‘DAM 0 1-27.1.’ 1 It was discovered by Muslims in 1972 at the ancient Great Mosque of Sana'a in Yemen. Not one word of its 114 chapters, Suras, has been changed over the centuries, so that the Quran is in every detail the unique and miraculous text which was revealed to Muhammad fourteen centuries ago.” ( search for ‘What is the Qur`an?’ accessed ) It was memorized by Muhammad and then dictated to his Companions, and written down by scribes, who cross-checked it during his lifetime. Today, parts of the manuscript are preserved across four different institutions: the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the National Library of Russia, the Vatican Library, and the Khalili Collection in London.“ The Quran is a record of the exact words revealed by God through the Angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. Research conducted by Yassin Dutton suggests that the manuscript may have been written in Syria as it is written in the qira’at (readings/recitations) of Ibn Amir of Damascus, Syria. During the Napoleonic expedition in the late 18 th century, French scholar Jean-Joseph Marcel bought several of the folios and Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville bought a few more pages a few years later. The manuscript was found with several Quranic fragments in the Amr Mosque in Fustat, Egypt. The Codex Parisino-Petropolitanus is a 98 folio Quran manuscript dating back to the late 7 th or early 8 th century. late 7th to early 8th centuryĬurrent Location: 70 folios at Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris 26 folios at the National Library of Russia in Saint-Petersburg, Russia 1 folio in the Vatican Library and 1 folio in Khalili Collection in London While much of the Blue Quran is preserved by different institutions, in 20 folios were sold at auction, with one folio reportedly selling for over $800,000. Writing the Quran in gold on the blue vellum was most likely influenced by the elaborate official documents written by the Christian Byzantine Empire. The pages are written with gold ink on vellum colored with indigo, giving it a distinct blue color. It is believed that the Blue Quran was created for the Great Mosque of Qairawan in Tunisia. The manuscript has been dated to between the late 9 th century to the early 10 th century it has been dated as late as 1020 AD. The Blue Quran is one of the most famous and beautiful ancient Qurans in the world. late 9th century to early 10th centuryĬurrent Location: Most of it is located in the National Institute of Art and Archaeology Bardo National Museum in Tunis, Tunisia 67 folios in the Musée de la Civilisation et des Arts Islamiques in Raqqada, Tunisia 1 folio at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in California, USA and the other folios are scattered worldwide at various museums
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